Some data structures and arithmetic operators

class: left, top, inverse
background-image: url(https://images.unsplash.com/reserve/uZYSV4nuQeyq64azfVIn_15130980706_64134efc6e_o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&auto=format&fit=crop&w=1047&q=80)
background-size: cover

# .large[Data types]
### An exploration <br>with {flipbookr}<br>and {xaringan}

#### .right[Gina Reynolds<br>Photo Credit: Amador Loureiro]

---

```r
*1 + 1
```
]
 
.panel2-basic-auto[

```
[1] 2
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1 + 1

*5 * 8
```
]
 
.panel2-basic-auto[

```
[1] 2
```

```
[1] 40
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1 + 1

5 * 8

*(4 + 2)^2
```
]
 
.panel2-basic-auto[

```
[1] 2
```

```
[1] 40
```

```
[1] 36
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1 + 1

5 * 8

(4 + 2)^2

*3 / (3 + 6)
```
]
 
.panel2-basic-auto[

```
[1] 2
```

```
[1] 40
```

```
[1] 36
```

```
[1] 0.3333333
```
]

---

```r
*3:10
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

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[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

*1:6 * 2
```
]
 
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[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

*c(1, 2, 6, 10)
```
]
 
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```

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[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
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]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

*1:4 + 0:3
```
]
 
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```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

*TRUE
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

*c(T, T, F, F)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

c(T, T, F, F)

*"hello world"
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```
[1] "hello world"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

c(T, T, F, F)

"hello world"

*c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye-bye")
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```
[1] "hello world"
```

```
[1] "hello"   "hi"      "bye"     "bye-bye"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

c(T, T, F, F)

"hello world"

c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye-bye")

*NULL
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```
[1] "hello world"
```

```
[1] "hello"   "hi"      "bye"     "bye-bye"
```

```
NULL
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

c(T, T, F, F)

"hello world"

c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye-bye")

NULL

*factor(c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye"))
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```
[1] "hello world"
```

```
[1] "hello"   "hi"      "bye"     "bye-bye"
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] hello hi    bye   bye  
Levels: bye hello hi
```
]

---
count: false

```r
3:10

1:6 * 2

c(1, 2, 6, 10)

1:4 + 0:3

TRUE

c(T, T, F, F)

"hello world"

c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye-bye")

NULL

factor(c("hello", "hi", "bye", "bye"))

*factor(c("hello", "hi",
*        "bye", "bye"),
*      levels = c("hi", "hello",
*                 "bye", "bye-bye"))
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-auto[

```
[1]  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```

```
[1]  2  4  6  8 10 12
```

```
[1]  1  2  6 10
```

```
[1] 1 3 5 7
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
```

```
[1] "hello world"
```

```
[1] "hello"   "hi"      "bye"     "bye-bye"
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] hello hi    bye   bye  
Levels: bye hello hi
```

```
[1] hello hi    bye   bye  
Levels: hi hello bye bye-bye
```
]

---

```r
*str(3)
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

*str("hello")
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

*str(1.1)
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

*str(1:8)
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

*str(2L)
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

*str(c(2, 5, 8))
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

*str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))

*str(c(1,3))
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 num [1:2] 1 3
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))

str(c(1,3))

*str(factor(c("hello", "bye")))
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 num [1:2] 1 3
```

```
 Factor w/ 2 levels "bye","hello": 2 1
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))

str(c(1,3))

str(factor(c("hello", "bye")))

*str(factor(c("hello", "bye"),
*          levels = c("hi", "hello",
*                     "bye")))
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 num [1:2] 1 3
```

```
 Factor w/ 2 levels "bye","hello": 2 1
```

```
 Factor w/ 3 levels "hi","hello","bye": 2 3
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))

str(c(1,3))

str(factor(c("hello", "bye")))

str(factor(c("hello", "bye"),
           levels = c("hi", "hello",
                      "bye")))

*str(Sys.time())
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 num [1:2] 1 3
```

```
 Factor w/ 2 levels "bye","hello": 2 1
```

```
 Factor w/ 3 levels "hi","hello","bye": 2 3
```

```
 POSIXct[1:1], format: "2020-09-01 22:02:18"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
str(3)

str("hello")

str(1.1)

str(1:8)

str(2L)

str(c(2, 5, 8))

str(c(2L, 5L, 8L))

str(c(1,3))

str(factor(c("hello", "bye")))

str(factor(c("hello", "bye"),
           levels = c("hi", "hello",
                      "bye")))

str(Sys.time())

*str(Sys.Date())
```
]
 
.panel2-str-auto[

```
 num 3
```

```
 chr "hello"
```

```
 num 1.1
```

```
 int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
```

```
 int 2
```

```
 num [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 int [1:3] 2 5 8
```

```
 num [1:2] 1 3
```

```
 Factor w/ 2 levels "bye","hello": 2 1
```

```
 Factor w/ 3 levels "hi","hello","bye": 2 3
```

```
 POSIXct[1:1], format: "2020-09-01 22:02:18"
```

```
 Date[1:1], format: "2020-09-01"
```
]

---

```r
*matrix(1:10, nrow = 5)
```
]
 
.panel2-mat-auto[

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10
```
]

---
count: false

```r
matrix(1:10, nrow = 5)

*matrix(1:10, ncol = 3)
```
]
 
.panel2-mat-auto[

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    5    9
[2,]    2    6   10
[3,]    3    7    1
[4,]    4    8    2
```
]

---
count: false

```r
matrix(1:10, nrow = 5)

matrix(1:10, ncol = 3)

*matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
*      nrow = 2) * 2
```
]
 
.panel2-mat-auto[

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    5    9
[2,]    2    6   10
[3,]    3    7    1
[4,]    4    8    2
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    6
[2,]    4    8
```
]

---
count: false

```r
matrix(1:10, nrow = 5)

matrix(1:10, ncol = 3)

matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
       nrow = 2) * 2

*(matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
*       nrow = 2) *
*   matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
*      nrow = 2) )
```
]
 
.panel2-mat-auto[

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    5    9
[2,]    2    6   10
[3,]    3    7    1
[4,]    4    8    2
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    6
[2,]    4    8
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    9
[2,]    4   16
```
]

---
count: false

```r
matrix(1:10, nrow = 5)

matrix(1:10, ncol = 3)

matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
       nrow = 2) * 2

(matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
        nrow = 2) *
    matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
       nrow = 2) )
*(matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
*      nrow = 2) %*%
*   matrix(c(1,2,3,4),
*      nrow = 2) )
```
]
 
.panel2-mat-auto[

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    5    9
[2,]    2    6   10
[3,]    3    7    1
[4,]    4    8    2
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    6
[2,]    4    8
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    9
[2,]    4   16
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    7   15
[2,]   10   22
```
]

---

# constructing data in r

---

```r
*data.frame(
* id = 1:6,
* greet = c("hi", "bye",
*           "hello", "chao",
*           "adios", "tchuss"),
* nums = c(2.3, 4.1, 3.5,
*          3.2, 5.6, 8.9))
```
]
 
.panel2-dat-auto[

```
  id  greet nums
1  1     hi  2.3
2  2    bye  4.1
3  3  hello  3.5
4  4   chao  3.2
5  5  adios  5.6
6  6 tchuss  8.9
```
]

---
count: false

```r
data.frame(
  id = 1:6,
  greet = c("hi", "bye",
            "hello", "chao",
            "adios", "tchuss"),
  nums = c(2.3, 4.1, 3.5,
           3.2, 5.6, 8.9))

*library(tibble)  # also a part of the tidyverse
```
]
 
.panel2-dat-auto[

```
  id  greet nums
1  1     hi  2.3
2  2    bye  4.1
3  3  hello  3.5
4  4   chao  3.2
5  5  adios  5.6
6  6 tchuss  8.9
```
]

---
count: false

```r
data.frame(
  id = 1:6,
  greet = c("hi", "bye",
            "hello", "chao",
            "adios", "tchuss"),
  nums = c(2.3, 4.1, 3.5,
           3.2, 5.6, 8.9))

library(tibble)  # also a part of the tidyverse
# tribble helps build small data sets
*tribble(
* ~"id", ~"greet", ~"nums",  # column heads
* 1,        "hi",       2.3,
* 2,        "bye",      3.5,
* 3,        "adios",    4.2
* )
```
]
 
.panel2-dat-auto[

```
  id  greet nums
1  1     hi  2.3
2  2    bye  4.1
3  3  hello  3.5
4  4   chao  3.2
5  5  adios  5.6
6  6 tchuss  8.9
```

```
# A tibble: 3 x 3
     id greet  nums
  <dbl> <chr> <dbl>
1     1 hi      2.3
2     2 bye     3.5
3     3 adios   4.2
```
]

---

```r
*mean(1:5)
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

*mean(1:100^2)
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

*sd(1:10)
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

sd(1:10)

*mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7))
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```

```
[1] 4.5
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

sd(1:10)

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7))

*mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA))
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

sd(1:10)

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7))

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA))

*mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA), na.rm = T)
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 4.5
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

sd(1:10)

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7))

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA))

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA), na.rm = T)

*sd(c(1:10, NA))
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```
]

---
count: false

```r
mean(1:5)

mean(1:100^2)

sd(1:10)

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7))

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA))

mean(c(1, 4, 6, 7, NA), na.rm = T)

sd(c(1:10, NA))

*sd(c(1:10, NA), na.rm = T)
```
]
 
.panel2-fun-auto[

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 5000.5
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 4.5
```

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 3.02765
```
]

---

```r
*1:10
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
* x
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

*x * 5
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
*x^2
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

*rep(3, 10)
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
 [1] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
* y
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

*x + y
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
 [1]  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
* z
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

*5 
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
[1] 5
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
* x
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
  x

*4 
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
[1] 4
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
  x

4 ->
* y
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
  x

4 ->
  y

*x + y
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
[1] 9
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
  x

4 ->
  y

x + y ->
* z_1
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```
]

---
count: false

```r
1:10 ->
  x

x * 5
x^2

rep(3, 10) ->
  y

x + y ->
  z

5 ->
  x

4 ->
  y

x + y ->
  z_1

*z; z_1  # print both objects z and z_1
```
]
 
.panel2-assign-auto[

```
 [1]  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
```

```
 [1]   1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 100
```

```
 [1]  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13
```

```
[1] 9
```
]

---

Some functions all about type...

---

```r
*is.character("hi")
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

*is.numeric(1)
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

is.numeric(1)

*is.integer(2.3)
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

is.numeric(1)

is.integer(2.3)

*is.double(4L)
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

is.numeric(1)

is.integer(2.3)

is.double(4L)

*is.integer(4)
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

is.numeric(1)

is.integer(2.3)

is.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

*is.integer(4L)
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
is.character("hi")

is.numeric(1)

is.integer(2.3)

is.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

is.integer(4L)

*is.factor("good")
```
]
 
.panel2-is_type-auto[

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] FALSE
```
]

---

```r
*as.numeric("hi")
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

*as.integer(1)
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

*as.character(2.3)
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

*as.double(4L)
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

as.double(4L)

*is.integer(4)
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
[1] FALSE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

as.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

*is.integer(4L)
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

as.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

is.integer(4L)

*as.factor(c("good", "bad"))
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] good bad 
Levels: bad good
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

as.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

is.integer(4L)

as.factor(c("good", "bad"))

*matrix(1:4, nrow = 2)   # this is a pipe operator
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] good bad 
Levels: bad good
```

```
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    3
[2,]    2    4
```
]

---
count: false

```r
as.numeric("hi")

as.integer(1)

as.character(2.3)

as.double(4L)

is.integer(4)

is.integer(4L)

as.factor(c("good", "bad"))

matrix(1:4, nrow = 2) %>%  # this is a pipe operator
# passes all of what precedes to function that follows
* as.vector()
```
]
 
.panel2-as_type-auto[

```
[1] NA
```

```
[1] 1
```

```
[1] "2.3"
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
[1] FALSE
```

```
[1] TRUE
```

```
[1] good bad 
Levels: bad good
```

```
[1] 1 2 3 4
```
]

---

```r
*c("50", "80")
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] "50" "80"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
* as.factor()
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 50 80
Levels: 50 80
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
* as.numeric()  # maybe surprising
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 1 2
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
  as.numeric()  # maybe surprising

*c("50", "80")
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] "50" "80"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
  as.numeric()  # maybe surprising

c("50", "80") %>%
* as.factor()
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 50 80
Levels: 50 80
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
  as.numeric()  # maybe surprising

c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
* as.character()
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] "50" "80"
```
]

---
count: false

```r
c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
  as.numeric()  # maybe surprising

c("50", "80") %>%
  as.factor() %>%
  as.character() %>%
* as.numeric()  # less surprising
```
]
 
.panel2-factors-auto[

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 50 80
```
]

@media print {
  .has-continuation {
    display: block;
  }
}
</style>