Scales

# Scales
### Gina Reynolds, July 2019

---

---

## Each aesthetic (color, x-position, size), that does representation for us has a scale associated with it..

---

```r
*ggplot(data = gapminder_2002)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
* aes(x = gdpPercap)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10")
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
* aes(y = lifeExp)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
* scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
* geom_point()
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
* aes(color = continent)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d()
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
* aes(size = gdpPercap)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
  aes(size = gdpPercap) +  
* scale_size_continuous(limits = c(0, 400000))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
  aes(size = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_size_continuous(limits = c(0, 400000)) +  
* aes(shape = continent)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_11_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
  aes(size = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_size_continuous(limits = c(0, 400000)) +  
  aes(shape = continent) +  
* scale_shape_discrete(solid = F)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_12_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
  aes(size = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_size_continuous(limits = c(0, 400000)) +  
  aes(shape = continent) +  
  scale_shape_discrete(solid = F) +  
* aes(alpha = gdpPercap)
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_13_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10") +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50,70)) +  
  geom_point() +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d() +  
  aes(size = gdpPercap) +  
  scale_size_continuous(limits = c(0, 400000)) +  
  aes(shape = continent) +  
  scale_shape_discrete(solid = F) +  
  aes(alpha = gdpPercap) +  
* scale_alpha(range = c(.4, .9))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scales-auto[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scales_auto_14_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

# Concepts

- breaks - *values* to be labeled along aesthetic scales
- break labels - i.e. the exact text of the labels)
- *value* limits of variable representation
- transformations
- range of *aesthetic* values

---

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
  scale_x_continuous()   
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1500, 15431))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(50, 76, 81.3))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_continuous(breaks = c(1500, 15431))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_alpha_continuous(breaks = c(50, 76, 81.3))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1000, 1500), labels = c("1k", "15k"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_y_continuous(labels = c("40y", "50y", "60y","70y", "80y"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_continuous(breaks = c(1000, 1500), labels = c("1k", "15k"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_binned()
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_alpha_continuous(labels = c("40y", "50y", "60y","70y", "80y"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(limits = c(-1000,100000))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_11_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_y_continuous(limits = c(30,100))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_12_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_continuous(limits = c(-1000,100000))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_13_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_alpha_continuous(limits = c(30,100))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_14_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10")
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_15_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_y_continuous(trans = "reverse")
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_16_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_continuous(trans = "log10")
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_17_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_alpha_continuous(trans = "reverse")
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_18_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(expand = c(1,2))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_19_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_y_continuous(expand = c(.1,.1))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_20_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_color_continuous(expand = c(1,2))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_21_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  aes(color = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(alpha = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_alpha_continuous(expand = c(1,2))
```
]
 
.right-panel-scale_options-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/scale_options_rotate_22_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

## Scales

There are a variety of scaling alternatives for the x position aesthetic.  The most commonly use have convenience functions

---

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
  scale_x_continuous(trans = "hms")   
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "sqrt")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "log10")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_log10()   # convenience
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "log1p")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "log2")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "pseudo_log")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "reciprocal")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(trans = "reverse")
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_reverse()   # convenience
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_sqrt()  # convenience
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_trans-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_trans_rotate_12_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = NULL)   
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(breaks = 1:3*10000)
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1000, 7090))
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(breaks = (1:10)^4)
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_dollar())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_percent())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_pvalue())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_comma())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_math())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_number_si(unit = "g"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  
* scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_number_si())
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_break-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_break_rotate_11_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

```r
*ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +
* aes(x = gdpPercap) +
* aes(y = lifeExp) +
* geom_point()   # this much is familiar
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_scales-user[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_scales_user_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  # this much is familiar 
* scale_x_log10()   # overrides default
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_scales-user[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_scales_user_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  # this much is familiar 
  scale_x_log10() +  # overrides default  
* scale_x_reverse()   # overrides log10
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_scales-user[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_scales_user_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point() +  # this much is familiar 
  scale_x_log10() +  # overrides default  
  scale_x_reverse() +  # overrides log10  
* scale_x_sqrt()  # overrides reverse
```
]
 
.right-panel-x_scales-user[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/x_scales_user_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

### More aesthetic scale modifications

*Note that using multiple scales associated with a single aesthetic is not typical.  We are just doing it here to expose you quickly to a variety of possibilities.  ggplot2 uses whatever scale specification last declared in our examples.*

Analogously, we can use scale\_\*\_\* statements to modify other aesthetic scales.  Here are some examples

- scale_x_log10() 
- scale_y_reverse(limits = c(100, 0)) 
- scale_color_viridis_d() 
- scale_shape_discrete(solid = F) 
- scale_size_continuous(breaks = c(100, 1000, 10000, 100000)) 
- scale_alpha(range = c(.5, 1)) # full transparency is 0

Let's tour several of those to get a taste.

---

## Questions:

- What does the parameter "breaks" seem to control?

- What are some additional color scales that can be used?  Use auto complete in RStudio.  (i.e. type "scale_color" and then "tab" to see your options)

- What does "d" stand for in the scale_color_viridis_d()? Use the help pane.

- While you are in the help pane, see how would you set missing values (NA) to "black".

---
class: center, middle, inverse

# When categorial x-axis scales get messy

---

```r
gapminder %>%  
  filter(year == 2002,  
         continent == "Americas") %>%  
  ggplot() +  
  aes(x = country) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_col() +  
  scale_x_discrete(guide = guide_axis(check.overlap = TRUE))   
```
]
 
.right-panel-messy_axis_scales-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/messy_axis_scales_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
gapminder %>%  
  filter(year == 2002,  
         continent == "Americas") %>%  
  ggplot() +  
  aes(x = country) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_col() +  
* scale_x_discrete(guide = guide_axis(n.dodge = 2))
```
]
 
.right-panel-messy_axis_scales-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/messy_axis_scales_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
gapminder %>%  
  filter(year == 2002,  
         continent == "Americas") %>%  
  ggplot() +  
  aes(x = country) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_col() +  
* scale_x_discrete(guide = guide_axis(n.dodge = 3))
```
]
 
.right-panel-messy_axis_scales-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/messy_axis_scales_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
gapminder %>%  
  filter(year == 2002,  
         continent == "Americas") %>%  
  ggplot() +  
  aes(x = country) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_col() +  
* theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -45))
```
]
 
.right-panel-messy_axis_scales-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/messy_axis_scales_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
gapminder %>%  
  filter(year == 2002,  
         continent == "Americas") %>%  
  ggplot() +  
  aes(x = country) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_col() +  
* theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -45, hjust = 0))
```
]
 
.right-panel-messy_axis_scales-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/messy_axis_scales_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: center, middle, inverse

# Color scales

---

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
  scale_color_viridis_c(option = "cividis")   
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(option = "magma")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(option = "plasma")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(option = "inferno")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(option = "viridis")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(direction = -1)
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(begin = .2, end = .5)
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(breaks = 76, label = "76 years")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_viridis_c(guide = F)
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_continuous(type = "gradient")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_continuous(type = "viridis")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_11_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_gradient(low = "blue", high = "green")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_12_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = lifeExp) +  
* scale_color_gradient2(low = "blue", mid = "red", high = "green")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_c-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_c_rotate_13_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
  scale_color_viridis_d(option = "viridis")   
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_1_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(option = "magma")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_2_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(option = "cividis")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_3_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(option = "plasma")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_4_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(option = "inferno")
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_5_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d()
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_6_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(direction = -1)
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_7_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(breaks = c("Asia", "Europe", "Oceania", "Africa", "Americas"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_8_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(breaks = c("Asia"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_9_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(breaks = c("Asia"), labels = c("A continent"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_10_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(labels = c("AFRICA", "EUROPE", "OEANIA", "AFRICA", "AMERICAS"))
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_11_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: split-40
count: false

```r
ggplot(data = gapminder_2002) +  
  aes(x = gdpPercap/1000) +  
  aes(y = lifeExp) +  
  geom_point(size = 4,  
             alpha = .8) +  
  aes(color = continent) +  
  facet_wrap(~continent) +  
* scale_color_viridis_d(guide = F)
```
]
 
.right-panel-viridis_d-rotate[
<img src="scales_files/figure-html/viridis_d_rotate_12_output-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---