Exploded code

---

```r
# This is the recommended set up for flipbooks
# you might think about setting cache to TRUE as you gain practice --- building flipbooks from scratch can be time consuming
knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.width = 6, fig.height = 4, message = F, warning = FALSE, comment = "", cache = T)

options(tibble.print_min = 55)
options(knitr.duplicate.label = "allow")
options(width=300) # prevents data wrapping
```

@media print {
  .has-continuation {
    display: block;
  }
}

code.r.hljs.remark-code{
  position: relative;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

code.r.hljs.remark-code:hover{
  overflow-x:visible;
  width: 500px;
  border-style: solid;
}
</style>

---

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 2.75
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_01_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 2.8
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_02_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 2.85
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_03_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 2.9
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_04_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 2.95
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_05_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_06_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.05
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_07_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.1
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_08_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.15
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_09_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.2
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_10_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.25
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_11_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.3
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_12_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.35
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_13_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.4
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_14_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.45
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_15_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.5
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_16_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.55
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_17_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.6
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_18_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.65
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_19_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.7
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_20_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.75
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_21_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.8
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_22_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.85
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_23_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.9
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_24_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 3.95
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_25_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_26_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.05
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_27_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.1
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_28_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.15
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_29_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.2
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_30_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.25
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_31_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.3
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_32_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.35
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_33_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.4
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_34_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.45
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_35_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.5
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_36_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.55
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_37_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.6
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_38_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.65
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_39_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.7
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_40_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.75
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_41_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.8
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_42_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.85
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_43_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 4.9
tolerance <- .7
mtcars %>% 
  filter(drat < z + tolerance & drat > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- drat))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(wt, qsec) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = mtcars) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(mtcars$drat))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-cars-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/cars_replace_44_output-1.png)
]

---

```r
read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2020/2020-01-21/spotify_songs.csv") ->
  songs
```

---

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_01_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.05
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_02_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.1
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_03_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.15
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_04_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.2
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_05_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.25
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_06_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.3
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_07_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.35
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_08_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.4
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_09_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.45
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_10_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.5
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_11_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.5555
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_12_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.6
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_13_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.65
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_14_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.7
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_15_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.75
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_16_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.8
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_17_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.85
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_18_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.9
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_19_output-1.png)
]

---
count: false

```r
library(tidyverse)
*z <- 0.95
tolerance <- .1
songs %>% 
  filter(valence < z + tolerance & valence > z - tolerance) %>% 
  mutate(closeness = (tolerance - abs(z- valence))/tolerance) %>% 
  ggplot() + 
  aes(danceability, energy) + 
  geom_point(aes(alpha = closeness, color = z)) + 
  labs(title = paste0("z = ", z,"; tolerance = ",  tolerance)) +
  scale_alpha(limits = c(0, 1)) +
  geom_blank(data = songs) + 
  scale_color_viridis_c(limits = range(songs$valence))
counter <- 1
```
]
 
.panel2-songs-replace[
![](ggz_flipbook_files/figure-html/songs_replace_20_output-1.png)
]